Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6 th ed., 2 nd printing). Contributors:Joshua M.

Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck Last Edited: 2017-09-11 10:33:25 Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay. Html5 Slider Example. Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found.

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APA citation basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining • Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. • If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) • When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. • Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: 'Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo.' • Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. • Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: 'Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds'; 'The One Where Chandler Can't Cry.' Short quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by 'p.' Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

She stated, 'Students often had difficulty using APA style' (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Long quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph.

Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. 199) Summary or paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.).